Elephants
Intelligent Giants of the Animal Kingdom
Have you ever wondered about the most fascinating creatures on our planet? Well, let us tell you about the magnificent elephants—these gentle giants have captured the imagination of humans for centuries. From their impressive size, intelligence, and social behavior, there’s just so much to learn about these majestic animals!
Did you know that elephants have been around for millions of years? That’s right—their earliest known ancestor appeared about 55 million years ago! And the first true elephants appeared around 5 million years ago. Until recently, we had two main species of elephants: African and Asian elephants. But now, African elephants are recognized as two distinct species: the savanna (or bush) elephant and the forest elephant.
African elephants are the largest land animals on earth, growing up to 9–13 feet (3–4 meters) tall and weighing 5,500–15,500 pounds (2,500–7,000 kg). Asian elephants are slightly smaller, growing up to 6.5–10 feet (2–3 meters) tall and weighing 5,500–12,000 pounds (2,250–5,500 kg).
From top left to right: the African savanna (bush) elephant, the Asian elephant, and the African forest elephant.
Distribution of living elephant species.
The African elephants also stand out with their significantly larger ears, resembling the shape of their native continent. On the other hand, the Asian elephants’ ears are said to have a resemblance to the Indian subcontinent.
But it’s not just their size that makes elephants so impressive. Did you know that their brains are larger than those of any other land animal, including humans? That’s right—their brain weighs around 11 pounds (5 kg) which is about 3 times heavier than the human brain. And it’s not just their brain that’s remarkable—their trunk (scientifically known as the proboscis) is not just a long, flexible appendage, but a complex and versatile tool that serves many purposes. The trunk is a fusion of the elephant’s nose and upper lip, containing over 150,000 muscles and tendons, and is capable of lifting weights of up to 770 pounds (350 kg)!
But the real power of the trunk lies in its sensitivity, dexterity, and mobility, which make it almost independent of the rest of the elephant’s body. These unique characteristics allow elephants to use their trunks for a variety of functions, such as picking up food and water, grasping objects, and even using it as a snorkel while swimming. However, the trunk’s most remarkable use is its role in social interaction between elephants. Elephants use their trunks to touch each other’s faces or intertwine trunks in a gesture similar to a human handshake. This “trunk-shake” serves various functions, from greeting and assurance to assessing strength, and highlights the elephant’s social intelligence and communication abilities.
So next time you see an elephant using its trunk, remember that it’s not just a simple body part, but an intricate and vital tool that showcases the amazing abilities of these majestic creatures.
Forest elephant in habitat. It is considered to be an important seed disperser.
And if you thought their trunks were impressive, wait till you hear about their intelligence and communication skills! Elephants have a wide range of vocalizations, including trumpeting, rumbling, and even purring. They have been observed exhibiting a wide range of complex behaviors, including problem-solving, tool use, and even self-awareness. According to a study conducted on captive Asian elephants, these animals exhibit a remarkable ability to recognize themselves in a mirror, a skill shared by only a few other nonhuman animal species. They have also been known to display empathy and compassion towards other elephants and even towards humans.
Another interesting thing about elephants is their social behavior. Elephants are highly social animals and live in groups called herds, which can range in size from a few elephants to over 100 elephants. Females and calves form tightly-knit groups, while males tend to lead more solitary lives or gather in small bachelor groups. These intelligent creatures are known for their slow reproductive rate, with females giving birth to a single calf only once every four to five years. The gestation period for elephants is the longest of any mammal, at 22 months.
A family of African savanna elephants.
In the herd, calves are cared for by all of the related females, ensuring that they receive the best possible care. While female calves often stay with their maternal herd for life, males leave once they reach puberty.
And did you know that elephants are herbivores? That’s right—despite their size and strength, their diet consists mainly of grass, leaves, and bark. They can eat up to 300 pounds (130 kg) of food per day and drink up to 40 gallons (150 liters) of water per day.
Asian elephant eating tree bark, using its tusks to peel it off.
But unfortunately, these gentle giants are facing a significant threat of poaching. Shockingly, savanna elephants decreased by 30% between 2007 and 2014, while forest elephants experienced an alarming 64% decline from 2002 to 2011 due to worsening poaching in Central and West Africa. In 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature recognized them as two separate species, with savanna elephants being listed as endangered and forest elephants as critically endangered.
While poaching for ivory is more common in African elephants, male Asian elephants are also at risk. But ivory isn’t the only thing that poachers are after. There is a growing trade in elephant skin, which is used for jewelry and puts both Asian males and females in danger. Another problem for Asian elephants is captivity. Up to a third of Asian elephants live in captivity, and many of them suffer from chronic abuse, especially when they’re trained to perform tricks or other behaviors.
Today, it is estimated that only as few as 400,000 elephants remain in the world, underscoring the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect these magnificent creatures.
Quotes
“They say an elephant never forgets. What they don’t tell you is, you never forget an elephant.” —Bill Murray
“Words are cheap. The biggest thing you can say is ‘elephant’.” —Charlie Chaplin
“I’m not much for cats. I’m terrified of mice. I’ve worked a lot with elephants, and they are extremely intelligent and sensitive, and thankfully, they seem to like me. You never want to get on the bad side of an elephant. And never trust a chimp.” —Mary Ellen Mark
“Only elephants should own ivory.” —Yao Ming
“Scientists have reported that elephants grieve their dead, monkeys perceive injustice and cockatoos like to dance to the music of the Backstreet Boys.” —Hal Herzog
“The question is, are we happy to suppose that our grandchildren may never be able to see an elephant except in a picture book?” —David Attenborough
Recommended books
References
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